Language and Literacy

Language is at the core of everything we do in life, and it is a fundamental part of what a child needs to learn and master in their formative years. In this research stream, we are identifying the impact of digital interventions on children’s language learning, with a focus on vocabulary. 
To date, we have conducted a review of existing studies of how specific features of mobile applications (e.g., augmented reality, audio narration) can support primary school children’s language and literacy learning. 
We have also worked closely with our game development partners (Gameloft) to develop a vocabulary game, Word Explorer. In this game, children participate in several types of activities to learn the multiple meanings of homonyms: these are words that have more than one meaning. For example, the word plant can refer to a green, living botanical organism, OR it can also mean something like a factory (e.g., the recycling plant). The game adapts the words presented according to the child’s performance. 
We have evaluated the impact of two versions of the Word Explorer game on children’s word knowledge using a pre-post-test randomised controlled trial conducted in English schools. This evaluation includes children with English as an additional language and their peers for whom English is their L1. 
This work will provide important insights about the potential for mobile applications in supporting these fundamental aspects of children’s language learning, as well as expanding our understanding of how children learn words.  

Findings

  • Our systematic literature review showed that there is very little experimental research which looks at how features of mobile applications (e.g., augmented reality, audio narration, voice input, generative AI) support primary school children’s language and literacy learning. 
  • The research that does exist suggests some features of apps are beneficial to children’s language and literacy learning, specifically audio narration (when compared to reading alone, but not reading with an adult) and embedding conversation prompts for parents. Augmented reality components can also increase motivation and learning, but there is no evidence for a benefit of text-relevant hotspots in ebooks.  

Summary

The vocabulary learning research stream has so far reviewed the existing research on features of apps that support children’s language and literacy learning. It has also developed a digital assessment of children’s knowledge of homonyms (when one word has several meanings, such as bat – an animal or a piece of sports equipment) for use in research. 
We have now developed a digital vocabulary game to teach children the meaning of homonyms. The app is currently being evaluated through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in schools and through analysing data from app users. 

Publications 

Booton, S., Hodgkiss, A., & Murphy, V. (2021). The impact of mobile application features on children’s language and literacy learning: a systematic review. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1930057 
Booton, S. A., Menon, P., Kyriacou, M., & Murphy, V. (2025) Exploring the writing attainment gap: profiling writing challenges and predictors for children with English as an Additional Language. Reading & Writing, 38, 843–863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-024-10540-9
Booton, S. A., Hodgkiss, A., Mathers, S., & Murphy, V. A. (2022) Measuring knowledge of multiple word meanings in children with English as a first and an additional language and the relationship to reading comprehension. Journal of Child Language, 49, 1, 164-192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000921000052   
Booton, S. A., Wonnacott, E., Hodgkiss, A., Mathers, S., & Murphy, V. A. (2022) Children’s knowledge of multiple word meanings: Which factors count and for whom? Applied Linguistics, 43, 2, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amab028 
Booton, S. A., Hoicka, E., O’Grady, A., Chan, H. Y. N., & Murphy, V. (2021) Children’s divergent thinking and bilingualism. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41, 100918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100918